Project FOMC20250829 services include NGS sequencing of the V1V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons from the samples. First and foremost, please
download this report, as well as the sequence raw data from the download links provided below.
These links will expire after 60 days. We cannot guarantee the availability of your data after 60 days.
Full Bioinformatics analysis service was requested. We provide many analyses, starting from the raw sequence quality and noise filtering, pair reads merging, as well as chimera filtering for the sequences, using the
DADA2 denosing algorithm and pipeline.
We also provide many downstream analyses such as taxonomy assignment, alpha and beta diversity analyses, and differential abundance analysis.
For taxonomy assignment, most informative would be the taxonomy barplots. We provide an interactive barplots to show the relative abundance of microbes at different taxonomy levels (from Phylum to species) that you can choose.
If you specify which groups of samples you want to compare for differential abundance, we provide both ANCOM and LEfSe differential abundance analysis.
The samples were processed and analyzed with the ZymoBIOMICS® Service: Targeted
Metagenomic Sequencing (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA).
DNA Extraction: If DNA extraction was performed, the following DNA
extraction kit was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions:
☐
ZymoBIOMICS®-96 MagBead DNA Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA)
☐
N/A (DNA Extraction Not Performed)
Elution Volume: 50µL
Additional Notes: NA
Targeted Library Preparation: The DNA samples were prepared for targeted
sequencing with the Quick-16S™ NGS Library Prep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA).
These primers were custom designed by Zymo Research to provide the best coverage
of the 16S gene while maintaining high sensitivity. The primer sets used in this project
are marked below:
☐
Quick-16S™ Primer Set V1-V2 (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA)
☐
Quick-16S™ Primer Set V1-V3 (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA)
☐
Quick-16S™ Primer Set V3-V4 (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA)
☐
Quick-16S™ Primer Set V4 (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA)
☐
Quick-16S™ Primer Set V6-V8 (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA)
Additional Notes: NA
The sequencing library was prepared using an innovative library preparation process in
which PCR reactions were performed in real-time PCR machines to control cycles and
therefore limit PCR chimera formation. The final PCR products were quantified with
qPCR fluorescence readings and pooled together based on equal molarity. The final
pooled library was cleaned up with the Select-a-Size DNA Clean & Concentrator™
(Zymo Research, Irvine, CA), then quantified with TapeStation® (Agilent Technologies,
Santa Clara, CA) and Qubit® (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, WA).
Control Samples: The ZymoBIOMICS® Microbial Community Standard (Zymo
Research, Irvine, CA) was used as a positive control for each DNA extraction, if
performed. The ZymoBIOMICS® Microbial Community DNA Standard (Zymo Research,
Irvine, CA) was used as a positive control for each targeted library preparation.
Negative controls (i.e. blank extraction control, blank library preparation control) were
included to assess the level of bioburden carried by the wet-lab process.
Sequencing: The final library was sequenced on Illumina® NextSeq 2000™ with a p1
(Illumina, Sand Diego, CA) reagent kit (600 cycles). The sequencing was performed
with 25% PhiX spike-in.
Absolute Abundance Quantification*: A quantitative real-time PCR was set up with a
standard curve. The standard curve was made with plasmid DNA containing one copy
of the 16S gene and one copy of the fungal ITS2 region prepared in 10-fold serial
dilutions. The primers used were the same as those used in Targeted Library
Preparation. The equation generated by the plasmid DNA standard curve was used to
calculate the number of gene copies in the reaction for each sample. The PCR input
volume (2 µl) was used to calculate the number of gene copies per microliter in each
DNA sample.
The number of genome copies per microliter DNA sample was calculated by dividing
the gene copy number by an assumed number of gene copies per genome. The value
used for 16S copies per genome is 4. The value used for ITS copies per genome is 200.
The amount of DNA per microliter DNA sample was calculated using an assumed
genome size of 4.64 x 106 bp, the genome size of Escherichia coli, for 16S samples, or
an assumed genome size of 1.20 x 107 bp, the genome size of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, for ITS samples. This calculation is shown below:
Calculated Total DNA = Calculated Total Genome Copies × Assumed Genome Size (4.64 × 106 bp) ×
Average Molecular Weight of a DNA bp (660 g/mole/bp) ÷ Avogadro’s Number (6.022 x 1023/mole)
* Absolute Abundance Quantification is only available for 16S and ITS analyses.
The absolute abundance standard curve data can be viewed in Excel here:
The absolute abundance standard curve is shown below:
The complete report of your project, including all links in this report, can be downloaded by clicking the link provided below. The downloaded file is a compressed ZIP file and once unzipped, open the file “REPORT.html” (may only shown as "REPORT" in your computer) by double clicking it. Your default web browser will open it and you will see the exact content of this report.
Please download and save the file to your computer storage device. The download link will expire after 60 days upon your receiving of this report.
Complete report download link:
To view the report, please follow the following steps:
1.
Download the .zip file from the report link above.
2.
Extract all the contents of the downloaded .zip file to your desktop.
3.
Open the extracted folder and find the "REPORT.html" (may shown as only "REPORT").
4.
Open (double-clicking) the REPORT.html file. Your default browser will open the top age of the complete report. Within the
report, there are links to view all the analyses performed for the project.
The raw NGS sequence data is available for download with the link provided below. The data is a compressed ZIP file and can be unzipped to individual sequence files.
Since this is a Pac-Bio full-length (V1V9) 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, raw sequences are available for download in a single compressed zip file in the download link below.
After unzipping, you will find individual sequence files for each of your samples with the file extension “*.fastq.gz”.
The files are in FASTQ format and are compressed. FASTQ format is a text-based data format for storing both a biological sequence
and its corresponding quality scores. Most sequence analysis software will be able to open them.
The Sample IDs associated with the fastq files are listed in the table below:
Sample ID
Original Sample ID
Read 1 File Name
Read 2 File Name
F20250829.S01
original sample ID here
zr20250829_01V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_01V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S02
original sample ID here
zr20250829_02V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_02V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S03
original sample ID here
zr20250829_03V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_03V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S04
original sample ID here
zr20250829_04V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_04V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S05
original sample ID here
zr20250829_05V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_05V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S06
original sample ID here
zr20250829_06V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_06V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S07
original sample ID here
zr20250829_07V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_07V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S08
original sample ID here
zr20250829_08V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_08V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S09
original sample ID here
zr20250829_09V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_09V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S10
original sample ID here
zr20250829_10V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_10V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S11
original sample ID here
zr20250829_11V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_11V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S12
original sample ID here
zr20250829_12V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_12V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S13
original sample ID here
zr20250829_13V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_13V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S14
original sample ID here
zr20250829_14V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_14V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S15
original sample ID here
zr20250829_15V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_15V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S16
original sample ID here
zr20250829_16V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_16V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S17
original sample ID here
zr20250829_17V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_17V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S18
original sample ID here
zr20250829_18V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_18V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S19
original sample ID here
zr20250829_19V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_19V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S20
original sample ID here
zr20250829_20V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_20V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S21
original sample ID here
zr20250829_21V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_21V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S22
original sample ID here
zr20250829_22V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_22V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S23
original sample ID here
zr20250829_23V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_23V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S24
original sample ID here
zr20250829_24V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_24V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S25
original sample ID here
zr20250829_25V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_25V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S26
original sample ID here
zr20250829_26V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_26V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S27
original sample ID here
zr20250829_27V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_27V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S28
original sample ID here
zr20250829_28V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_28V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S29
original sample ID here
zr20250829_29V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_29V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S30
original sample ID here
zr20250829_30V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_30V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S31
original sample ID here
zr20250829_31V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_31V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S32
original sample ID here
zr20250829_32V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_32V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S33
original sample ID here
zr20250829_33V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_33V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S34
original sample ID here
zr20250829_34V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_34V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S35
original sample ID here
zr20250829_35V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_35V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S36
original sample ID here
zr20250829_36V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_36V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S37
original sample ID here
zr20250829_37V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_37V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S38
original sample ID here
zr20250829_38V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_38V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S39
original sample ID here
zr20250829_39V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_39V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S40
original sample ID here
zr20250829_40V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_40V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S41
original sample ID here
zr20250829_41V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_41V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S42
original sample ID here
zr20250829_42V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_42V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S43
original sample ID here
zr20250829_43V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_43V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S44
original sample ID here
zr20250829_44V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_44V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S45
original sample ID here
zr20250829_45V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_45V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S46
original sample ID here
zr20250829_46V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_46V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S47
original sample ID here
zr20250829_47V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_47V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S48
original sample ID here
zr20250829_48V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_48V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S49
original sample ID here
zr20250829_49V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_49V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S50
original sample ID here
zr20250829_50V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_50V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S51
original sample ID here
zr20250829_51V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_51V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S52
original sample ID here
zr20250829_52V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_52V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S53
original sample ID here
zr20250829_53V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_53V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S54
original sample ID here
zr20250829_54V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_54V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S55
original sample ID here
zr20250829_55V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_55V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S56
original sample ID here
zr20250829_56V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_56V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S57
original sample ID here
zr20250829_57V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_57V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S58
original sample ID here
zr20250829_58V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_58V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S59
original sample ID here
zr20250829_59V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_59V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S60
original sample ID here
zr20250829_60V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_60V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S61
original sample ID here
zr20250829_61V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_61V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S62
original sample ID here
zr20250829_62V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_62V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
F20250829.S63
original sample ID here
zr20250829_63V1V3_R1.fastq.gz
zr20250829_63V1V3_R2.fastq.gz
Please download and save the file to your computer storage device. The download link will expire after 60 days upon your receiving of this report.
DADA2 is a software package that models and corrects Illumina-sequenced amplicon errors [1].
DADA2 infers sample sequences exactly, without coarse-graining into OTUs,
and resolves differences of as little as one nucleotide. DADA2 identified more real variants
and output fewer spurious sequences than other methods.
DADA2’s advantage is that it uses more of the data. The DADA2 error model incorporates quality information,
which is ignored by all other methods after filtering. The DADA2 error model incorporates quantitative abundances,
whereas most other methods use abundance ranks if they use abundance at all.
The DADA2 error model identifies the differences between sequences, eg. A->C,
whereas other methods merely count the mismatches. DADA2 can parameterize its error model from the data itself,
rather than relying on previous datasets that may or may not reflect the PCR and sequencing protocols used in your study.
Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJ, Holmes SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods. 2016 Jul;13(7):581-3. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3869. Epub 2016 May 23. PMID: 27214047; PMCID: PMC4927377.
Analysis Procedures:
DADA2 pipeline includes several tools for read quality control, including quality filtering, trimming, denoising, pair merging and chimera filtering. Below are the major processing steps of DADA2:
Step 1. Read trimming based on sequence quality
The quality of NGS Illumina sequences often decreases toward the end of the reads.
DADA2 allows to trim off the poor quality read ends in order to improve the error
model building and pair mergicing performance.
Step 2. Learn the Error Rates
The DADA2 algorithm makes use of a parametric error model (err) and every
amplicon dataset has a different set of error rates. The learnErrors method
learns this error model from the data, by alternating estimation of the error
rates and inference of sample composition until they converge on a jointly
consistent solution. As in many machine-learning problems, the algorithm must
begin with an initial guess, for which the maximum possible error rates in
this data are used (the error rates if only the most abundant sequence is
correct and all the rest are errors).
Step 3. Infer amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) based on the error model built in previous step. This step is also called sequence "denoising".
The outcome of this step is a list of ASVs that are the equivalent of oligonucleotides.
Step 4. Merge paired reads. If the sequencing products are read pairs, DADA2 will merge the R1 and R2 ASVs into single sequences.
Merging is performed by aligning the denoised forward reads with the reverse-complement of the corresponding
denoised reverse reads, and then constructing the merged “contig” sequences.
By default, merged sequences are only output if the forward and reverse reads overlap by
at least 12 bases, and are identical to each other in the overlap region (but these conditions can be changed via function arguments).
Step 5. Remove chimera.
The core dada method corrects substitution and indel errors, but chimeras remain. Fortunately, the accuracy of sequence variants
after denoising makes identifying chimeric ASVs simpler than when dealing with fuzzy OTUs.
Chimeric sequences are identified if they can be exactly reconstructed by
combining a left-segment and a right-segment from two more abundant “parent” sequences. The frequency of chimeric sequences varies substantially
from dataset to dataset, and depends on on factors including experimental procedures and sample complexity.
Results
1. Read Quality Plots NGS sequence analaysis starts with visualizing the quality of the sequencing. Below are the quality plots of the first
sample for the R1 and R2 reads separately. In gray-scale is a heat map of the frequency of each quality score at each base position. The mean
quality score at each position is shown by the green line, and the quartiles of the quality score distribution by the orange lines.
The forward reads are usually of better quality. It is a common practice to trim the last few nucleotides to avoid less well-controlled errors
that can arise there. The trimming affects the downstream steps including error model building, merging and chimera calling. FOMC uses an empirical
approach to test many combinations of different trim length in order to achieve best final amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), see the next
section “Optimal trim length for ASVs”.
2. Optimal trim length for ASVs The final number of merged and chimera-filtered ASVs depends on the quality filtering (hence trimming) in the very beginning of the DADA2 pipeline.
In order to achieve highest number of ASVs, an empirical approach was used -
Create a random subset of each sample consisting of 5,000 R1 and 5,000 R2 (to reduce computation time)
Trim 10 bases at a time from the ends of both R1 and R2 up to 50 bases
For each combination of trimmed length (e.g., 300x300, 300x290, 290x290 etc), the trimmed reads are
subject to the entire DADA2 pipeline for chimera-filtered merged ASVs
The combination with highest percentage of the input reads becoming final ASVs is selected for the complete set of data
Below is the result of such operation, showing ASV percentages of total reads for all trimming combinations (1st Column = R1 lengths in bases; 1st Row = R2 lengths in bases):
R1/R2
251
241
231
221
211
201
251
78.34%
78.53%
78.71%
78.67%
78.55%
78.55%
241
79.22%
79.38%
79.57%
79.53%
79.46%
79.42%
231
79.29%
79.43%
79.60%
79.61%
79.55%
79.50%
221
79.32%
79.44%
79.65%
79.66%
79.61%
79.36%
211
79.31%
79.44%
79.66%
79.67%
79.41%
79.38%
201
79.39%
79.51%
79.76%
79.55%
79.51%
79.49%
Based on the above result, the trim length combination of R1 = 201 bases and R2 = 231 bases (highlighted red above), was chosen for generating final ASVs for all sequences.
This combination generated highest number of merged non-chimeric ASVs and was used for downstream analyses, if requested.
3. Error plots from learning the error rates
After DADA2 building the error model for the set of data, it is always worthwhile, as a sanity check if nothing else, to visualize the estimated error rates.
The error rates for each possible transition (A→C, A→G, …) are shown below. Points are the observed error rates for each consensus quality score.
The black line shows the estimated error rates after convergence of the machine-learning algorithm.
The red line shows the error rates expected under the nominal definition of the Q-score.
The ideal result would be the estimated error rates (black line) are a good fit to the observed rates (points), and the error rates drop
with increased quality as expected.
Forward Read R1 Error Plot
Reverse Read R2 Error Plot
The PDF version of these plots are available here:
4. DADA2 Result Summary The table below shows the summary of the DADA2 analysis,
tracking paired read counts of each samples for all the steps during DADA2 denoising process -
including end-trimming (filtered), denoising (denoisedF, denoisedF), pair merging (merged) and chimera removal (nonchim).
Sample ID
F20250829.S01
F20250829.S02
F20250829.S03
F20250829.S04
F20250829.S05
F20250829.S06
F20250829.S07
F20250829.S08
F20250829.S09
F20250829.S10
F20250829.S11
F20250829.S12
F20250829.S13
F20250829.S14
F20250829.S15
F20250829.S16
F20250829.S17
F20250829.S18
F20250829.S19
F20250829.S20
F20250829.S21
F20250829.S22
F20250829.S23
F20250829.S24
F20250829.S25
F20250829.S26
F20250829.S27
F20250829.S28
F20250829.S29
F20250829.S30
F20250829.S31
F20250829.S32
F20250829.S33
F20250829.S34
F20250829.S35
F20250829.S36
F20250829.S37
F20250829.S38
F20250829.S39
F20250829.S40
F20250829.S41
F20250829.S42
F20250829.S43
F20250829.S44
F20250829.S45
F20250829.S46
F20250829.S47
F20250829.S48
F20250829.S49
F20250829.S50
F20250829.S51
F20250829.S52
F20250829.S53
F20250829.S54
F20250829.S55
F20250829.S56
F20250829.S57
F20250829.S58
F20250829.S59
F20250829.S60
F20250829.S61
F20250829.S62
F20250829.S63
Row Sum
Percentage
input
64,789
303,620
54,502
17,370
236,848
227,358
42,156
396,237
86,189
372,710
259,477
233,133
309,992
295,803
74,351
83,184
396,326
35,951
16,247
274,439
288,055
258,504
291,848
50,649
319,088
288,832
27,177
233,289
438,692
279,169
276,442
167,449
316,940
283,100
273,970
6,859
373,060
192,540
265,848
32,952
341,250
280,580
449,865
366,524
109,344
350,377
262,006
245,770
383,111
343,115
31,539
179,714
57,747
284,264
383,580
292,835
437,874
320,749
210,590
52,396
166,976
273,830
327,081
14,596,262
100.00%
filtered
62,402
292,310
52,656
16,743
228,291
218,844
40,576
381,624
83,168
359,085
249,882
224,398
298,740
284,833
71,853
80,110
381,785
34,510
15,599
263,840
277,594
248,864
281,391
48,624
307,434
278,333
26,250
224,662
422,577
269,123
266,210
161,237
305,220
272,561
263,966
6,592
359,576
185,535
255,936
31,738
328,617
270,129
433,549
352,740
105,348
337,347
252,594
236,909
369,385
330,464
30,496
172,818
55,743
274,220
370,022
282,135
421,794
308,954
203,162
50,564
161,231
263,944
315,123
14,061,960
96.34%
denoisedF
59,733
281,982
49,793
15,695
222,261
211,038
34,512
358,881
78,708
349,090
236,750
213,165
284,677
273,814
65,337
74,566
371,309
32,988
14,860
256,665
266,630
241,527
271,248
45,003
298,309
270,535
24,147
219,642
410,656
263,921
254,277
156,463
292,661
262,038
253,577
6,094
352,115
173,834
244,942
30,645
323,044
264,383
427,260
339,898
81,642
328,233
241,014
227,309
361,813
324,637
29,192
164,500
50,436
267,968
358,676
276,758
406,875
299,129
197,281
48,588
156,613
255,537
305,497
13,560,371
92.90%
denoisedR
59,455
277,516
49,020
15,581
221,316
207,678
33,607
342,424
77,345
343,289
231,068
209,241
278,353
270,385
63,916
73,300
369,166
32,723
14,648
255,286
258,542
237,027
265,325
42,215
296,365
268,222
23,743
215,188
406,812
262,541
246,884
155,165
288,243
255,857
247,648
5,947
348,033
167,025
238,857
30,462
320,078
260,819
423,800
335,214
75,998
323,736
233,245
220,798
357,871
322,867
28,929
157,294
48,967
268,632
354,613
275,884
402,578
294,560
195,057
47,990
155,248
252,201
300,328
13,342,125
91.41%
merged
56,760
232,574
45,369
15,051
208,948
195,978
31,860
314,447
72,425
332,647
206,251
197,525
270,078
246,189
58,097
71,781
347,228
31,573
14,099
249,050
234,629
217,894
242,704
31,513
273,999
261,337
22,401
178,924
397,372
227,461
216,474
153,344
263,895
234,274
228,104
5,614
337,897
139,311
219,590
29,352
270,286
252,158
412,242
327,763
71,075
312,570
227,699
199,140
340,432
316,454
27,895
144,321
45,451
241,886
345,880
269,948
385,421
267,700
190,530
45,928
148,602
232,703
280,319
12,470,422
85.44%
nonchim
56,159
201,399
44,642
15,033
207,916
187,555
31,639
275,014
72,176
310,506
177,032
186,031
265,903
214,301
57,798
71,135
314,256
31,505
13,999
236,093
220,312
183,061
228,146
31,193
267,698
252,599
22,342
150,196
373,324
190,107
189,775
152,823
206,335
214,085
210,865
5,614
328,759
135,508
195,470
29,348
222,531
233,946
387,115
312,150
70,625
282,554
219,348
196,615
311,267
307,468
27,850
133,828
44,687
204,323
329,804
259,219
335,151
215,107
184,596
45,593
146,118
192,714
249,885
11,470,146
78.58%
This table can be downloaded as an Excel table below:
5. DADA2 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs). A total of 14570 unique merged and chimera-free ASV sequences were identified, and their corresponding
read counts for each sample are available in the "ASV Read Count Table" with rows for the ASV sequences and columns for sample. This read count table can be used for
microbial profile comparison among different samples and the sequences provided in the table can be used to taxonomy assignment.
The species-level, open-reference 16S rRNA NGS reads taxonomy assignment pipeline
Version 20210310a
The close-reference taxonomy assignment of the ASV sequences using BLASTN is based on the algorithm published by Al-Hebshi et. al. (2015)[2].
1. Raw sequences reads in FASTA format were BLASTN-searched against a combined set of 16S rRNA reference sequences - the FOMC 16S rRNA Reference Sequences version 20221029 (https://microbiome.forsyth.org/ftp/refseq/).
This set consists of the HOMD (version 15.22 http://www.homd.org/index.php?name=seqDownload&file&type=R ), Mouse Oral Microbiome Database (MOMD version 5.1 https://momd.org/ftp/16S_rRNA_refseq/MOMD_16S_rRNA_RefSeq/V5.1/),
and the NCBI 16S rRNA reference sequence set (https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/db/16S_ribosomal_RNA.tar.gz).
These sequences were screened and combined to remove short sequences (<1000nt), chimera, duplicated and sub-sequences,
as well as sequences with poor taxonomy annotation (e.g., without species information).
This process resulted in 1,015 full-length 16S rRNA sequences from HOMD V15.22, 356 from MOMD V5.1, and 22,126 from NCBI, a total of 23,497 sequences.
Altogether these sequence represent a total of 17,035 oral and non-oral microbial species.
The NCBI BLASTN version 2.7.1+ (Zhang et al, 2000) [3] was used with the default parameters.
Reads with ≥ 98% sequence identity to the matched reference and ≥ 90% alignment length
(i.e., ≥ 90% of the read length that was aligned to the reference and was used to calculate
the sequence percent identity) were classified based on the taxonomy of the reference sequence
with highest sequence identity. If a read matched with reference sequences representing
more than one species with equal percent identity and alignment length, it was subject
to chimera checking with USEARCH program version v8.1.1861 (Edgar 2010). Non-chimeric reads with multi-species
best hits were considered valid and were assigned with a unique species
notation (e.g., spp) denoting unresolvable multiple species.
2. Unassigned reads (i.e., reads with < 98% identity or < 90% alignment length) were pooled together and reads < 200 bases were
removed. The remaining reads were subject to the de novo
operational taxonomy unit (OTU) calling and chimera checking using the USEARCH program version v8.1.1861 (Edgar 2010)[4].
The de novo OTU calling and chimera checking was done using 98% as the sequence identity cutoff, i.e., the species-level OTU.
The output of this step produced species-level de novo clustered OTUs with 98% identity.
Representative reads from each of the OTUs/species were then BLASTN-searched
against the same reference sequence set again to determine the closest species for
these potential novel species. These potential novel species were pooled together with the reads that were signed to specie-level in
the previous step, for down-stream analyses.
Reference:
Al-Hebshi NN, Nasher AT, Idris AM, Chen T. Robust species taxonomy assignment algorithm for 16S rRNA NGS reads: application
to oral carcinoma samples. J Oral Microbiol. 2015 Sep 29;7:28934. doi: 10.3402/jom.v7.28934. PMID: 26426306; PMCID: PMC4590409.
Zhang Z, Schwartz S, Wagner L, Miller W. A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences. J Comput Biol. 2000 Feb-Apr;7(1-2):203-14. doi: 10.1089/10665270050081478. PMID: 10890397.
Edgar RC. Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST.
Bioinformatics. 2010 Oct 1;26(19):2460-1. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq461. Epub 2010 Aug 12. PubMed PMID: 20709691.
3. Designations used in the taxonomy:
1) Taxonomy levels are indicated by these prefixes:
k__: domain/kingdom
p__: phylum
c__: class
o__: order
f__: family
g__: genus
s__: species
Example:
k__Bacteria;p__Firmicutes;c__Clostridia;o__Clostridiales;f__Lachnospiraceae;g__Blautia;s__faecis
2) Unique level identified – known species:
k__Bacteria;p__Firmicutes;c__Clostridia;o__Clostridiales;f__Lachnospiraceae;g__Roseburia;s__hominis
The above example shows some reads match to a single species (all levels are unique)
3) Non-unique level identified – known species:
k__Bacteria;p__Firmicutes;c__Clostridia;o__Clostridiales;f__Lachnospiraceae;g__Roseburia;s__multispecies_spp123_3
The above example “s__multispecies_spp123_3” indicates certain reads equally match to 3 species of the
genus Roseburia; the “spp123” is a temporally assigned species ID.
k__Bacteria;p__Firmicutes;c__Clostridia;o__Clostridiales;f__Lachnospiraceae;g__multigenus;s__multispecies_spp234_5
The above example indicates certain reads match equally to 5 different species, which belong to multiple genera.;
the “spp234” is a temporally assigned species ID.
4) Unique level identified – unknown species, potential novel species:
k__Bacteria;p__Firmicutes;c__Clostridia;o__Clostridiales;f__Lachnospiraceae;g__Roseburia;s__ hominis_nov_97%
The above example indicates that some reads have no match to any of the reference sequences with
sequence identity ≥ 98% and percent coverage (alignment length) ≥ 98% as well. However this groups
of reads (actually the representative read from a de novo OTU) has 96% percent identity to
Roseburia hominis, thus this is a potential novel species, closest to Roseburia hominis.
(But they are not the same species).
5) Multiple level identified – unknown species, potential novel species:
k__Bacteria;p__Firmicutes;c__Clostridia;o__Clostridiales;f__Lachnospiraceae;g__Roseburia;s__ multispecies_sppn123_3_nov_96%
The above example indicates that some reads have no match to any of the reference sequences
with sequence identity ≥ 98% and percent coverage (alignment length) ≥ 98% as well.
However this groups of reads (actually the representative read from a de novo OTU)
has 96% percent identity equally to 3 species in Roseburia. Thus this is no single
closest species, instead this group of reads match equally to multiple species at 96%.
Since they have passed chimera check so they represent a novel species. “sppn123” is a
temporary ID for this potential novel species.
4. The taxonomy assignment algorithm is illustrated in this flow char below:
Read Taxonomy Assignment - Result Summary *
Code
Category
MPC=0% (>=1 read)
MPC=0.01%(>=1072 reads)
A
Total reads
11,470,146
11,470,146
B
Total assigned reads
10,722,252
10,722,252
C
Assigned reads in species with read count < MPC
0
77,150
D
Assigned reads in samples with read count < 500
0
0
E
Total samples
63
63
F
Samples with reads >= 500
63
63
G
Samples with reads < 500
0
0
H
Total assigned reads used for analysis (B-C-D)
10,722,252
10,645,102
I
Reads assigned to single species
1,281,527
1,237,781
J
Reads assigned to multiple species
9,440,669
9,407,321
K
Reads assigned to novel species
56
0
L
Total number of species
882
105
M
Number of single species
495
50
N
Number of multi-species
370
55
O
Number of novel species
17
0
P
Total unassigned reads
747,894
747,894
Q
Chimeric reads
3
3
R
Reads without BLASTN hits
137,967
137,967
S
Others: short, low quality, singletons, etc.
609,924
609,924
A=B+P=C+D+H+Q+R+S
E=F+G
B=C+D+H
H=I+J+K
L=M+N+O
P=Q+R+S
* MPC = Minimal percent (of all assigned reads) read count per species, species with read count < MPC were removed.
* Samples with reads < 500 were removed from downstream analyses.
* The assignment result from MPC=0.1% was used in the downstream analyses.
Read Taxonomy Assignment - ASV Species-Level Read Counts Table
This table shows the read counts for each sample (columns) and each species identified based on the ASV sequences.
The downstream analyses were based on this table.
The species listed in the table has full taxonomy and a dynamically assigned species ID specific to this report.
When some reads match with the reference sequences of more than one species equally (i.e., same percent identiy and alignmnet coverage),
they can't be assigned to a particular species. Instead, they are assigned to multiple species with the species notaton
"s__multispecies_spp2_2". In this notation, spp2 is the dynamic ID assigned to these reads that hit multiple sequences and the "_2"
at the end of the notation means there are two species in the spp2.
You can look up which species are included in the multi-species assignment, in this table below:
Another type of notation is "s__multispecies_sppn2_2", in which the "n" in the sppn2 means it's a potential novel species because all the reads in this species
have < 98% idenity to any of the reference sequences. They were grouped together based on de novo OTU clustering at 98% identity cutoff. And then
a representative sequence was chosed to BLASTN search against the reference database to find the closest match (but will still be < 98%). This representative
sequence also matched equally to more than one species, hence the "spp" was given in the label.
In ecology, alpha diversity (α-diversity) is the mean species diversity in sites or habitats at a local scale.
The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker[5][6] together with the terms beta diversity (β-diversity)
and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape
(gamma diversity) is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites or habitats
at a more local scale (alpha diversity) and the differentiation among those habitats (beta diversity).
Diversity measures are affected by the sampling depth. Rarefaction is a technique to assess species richness from the results of sampling. Rarefaction allows
the calculation of species richness for a given number of individual samples, based on the construction
of so-called rarefaction curves. This curve is a plot of the number of species as a function of the
number of samples. Rarefaction curves generally grow rapidly at first, as the most common species are found,
but the curves plateau as only the rarest species remain to be sampled [7].
The two main factors taken into account when measuring diversity are richness and evenness.
Richness is a measure of the number of different kinds of organisms present in a particular area.
Evenness compares the similarity of the population size of each of the species present. There are
many different ways to measure the richness and evenness. These measurements are called "estimators" or "indices".
Below is a diversity of 3 commonly used indices showing the values for all the samples (dots) and in groups (boxes) at the species level.
Printed on each graph is the statistical significance p values of the difference between the groups.
The significance is calculated using either Kruskal-Wallis test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test, both are non-parametric methods (since
microbiome read count data are considered non-normally distributed) for testing
whether samples originate from the same distribution (i.e., no difference between groups). The Kruskal-Wallis test is used to compare three or more
independent groups to determine if there are statistically significant differences between their medians. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, also known as
the Mann-Whitney U test, is used to compare two independent groups to determine if there is a significant difference between their distributions.
The p-value is shown on the top of each graph. A p-value < 0.05 is considered statistically significant between/among the test groups.
Alpha Diversity Box Plots for All Groups - Species Level
Alpha Diversity Box Plots for Individual Comparisons at Species level
Beta diversity compares the similarity (or dissimilarity) of microbial profiles between different
groups of samples. There are many different similarity/dissimilarity metrics [8].
In general, they can be quantitative (using sequence abundance, e.g., Bray-Curtis or weighted UniFrac)
or binary (considering only presence-absence of sequences, e.g., binary Jaccard or unweighted UniFrac).
They can be even based on phylogeny (e.g., UniFrac metrics) or not (non-UniFrac metrics, such as Bray-Curtis, etc.).
For microbiome studies, species profiles of samples can be compared with the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity,
which is based on the count data type. The pair-wise Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix of all samples can then be
subject to either multi-dimensional scaling (MDS, also known as PCoA) or non-metric MDS (NMDS).
MDS/PCoA is a
scaling or ordination method that starts with a matrix of similarities or dissimilarities
between a set of samples and aims to produce a low-dimensional graphical plot of the data
in such a way that distances between points in the plot are close to original dissimilarities.
NMDS is similar to MDS, however it does not use the dissimilarities data, instead it converts them into
the ranks and use these ranks in the calculation.
In our beta diversity analysis, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix was first calculated and then plotted by the PCoA and
NMDS separately. Below are beta diveristy results for all groups together, at the Species level:
NMDS and PCoA Plots for All Groups - Species Level
The above PCoA and NMDS plots are based on count data. The count data can also be transformed into centered log ratio (CLR)
for each species. The CLR data is no longer count data and cannot be used in Bray-Curtis dissimilarity calculation. Instead
CLR can be compared with Euclidean distances. When CLR data are compared by Euclidean distance, the distance is also called
Aitchison distance.
Below are the NMDS and PCoA plots of the Aitchison distances of the samples at the Species level:
NMDS and PCoA Plots for Individual Comparisons at Species level
16S rRNA next generation sequencing (NGS) generates a fixed number of reads that reflect the proportion of different
species in a sample, i.e., the relative abundance of species, instead of the absolute abundance.
In Mathematics, measurements involving probabilities, proportions, percentages, and ppm can all
be thought of as compositional data. This makes the microbiome read count data “compositional”
(Gloor et al, 2017). In general, compositional data represent parts of a whole which only
carry relative information [9].
The problem of microbiome data being compositional arises when comparing two groups of samples for
identifying “differentially abundant” species. A species with the same absolute abundance between two
conditions, its relative abundances in the two conditions (e.g., percent abundance) can become different
if the relative abundance of other species change greatly. This problem can lead to incorrect conclusion
in terms of differential abundance for microbial species in the samples.
When studying differential abundance (DA), the current better approach is to transform the read count
data into log ratio data. The ratios are calculated between read counts of all species in a sample to
a “reference” count (e.g., mean read count of the sample). The log ratio data allow the detection of DA
species without being affected by percentage bias mentioned above
In this report, a compositional DA analysis tool “ANCOM” (analysis of composition of microbiomes)
was used [10]. ANCOM transforms the count data into log-ratios and thus is more suitable for comparing
the composition of microbiomes in two or more populations. "ANCOM" generates a table of features with
W-statistics and whether the null hypothesis is rejected. The “W” is the W-statistic, or number of
features that a single feature is tested to be significantly different against. Hence the higher the "W"
the more statistical sifgnificant that a feature/species is differentially abundant.
References:
Gloor GB, Macklaim JM, Pawlowsky-Glahn V, Egozcue JJ. Microbiome Datasets Are Compositional: And This Is Not Optional. Front Microbiol.
2017 Nov 15;8:2224. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02224. PMID: 29187837; PMCID: PMC5695134.
Mandal S, Van Treuren W, White RA, Eggesbø M, Knight R, Peddada SD. Analysis of composition of
microbiomes: a novel method for studying microbial composition. Microb Ecol Health Dis.
2015 May 29;26:27663. doi: 10.3402/mehd.v26.27663. PMID: 26028277; PMCID: PMC4450248.
Starting with version V1.2, we include the results of ANCOM-BC (Analysis of Compositions of
Microbiomes with Bias Correction) (Lin and Peddada 2020) [11]. ANCOM-BC is an updated version of "ANCOM" that:
(a) provides statistically valid test with appropriate p-values,
(b) provides confidence intervals for differential abundance of each taxon,
(c) controls the False Discovery Rate (FDR),
(d) maintains adequate power, and
(e) is computationally simple to implement.
The bias correction (BC) addresses a challenging problem of the bias introduced by differences in
the sampling fractions across samples. This bias has been a major hurdle in performing DA analysis of microbiome data.
ANCOM-BC estimates the unknown sampling fractions and corrects the bias induced by their differences among samples.
The absolute abundance data are modeled using a linear regression framework.
Starting with version V1.43, ANCOM-BC2 is used instead of ANCOM-BC, So that multiple pairwise directional test can be performed (if there are more than two gorups in a comparison).
When performing pairwise directional test, the mixed directional false discover rate (mdFDR) is taken into account. The mdFDR
is the combination of false discovery rate due to multiple testing, multiple pairwise comparisons, and directional tests within
each pairwise comparison. The mdFDR is adopted from (Guo, Sarkar, and Peddada 2010 [12]; Grandhi, Guo, and Peddada 2016 [13]). For more detail
explanation and additional features of ANCOM-BC2 please see author's documentation.
References:
Lin H, Peddada SD. Analysis of compositions of microbiomes with bias correction.
Nat Commun. 2020 Jul 14;11(1):3514. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17041-7.
PMID: 32665548; PMCID: PMC7360769.
Guo W, Sarkar SK, Peddada SD. Controlling false discoveries in multidimensional directional decisions, with applications to gene expression data on ordered categories. Biometrics. 2010 Jun;66(2):485-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009.01292.x. Epub 2009 Jul 23. PMID: 19645703; PMCID: PMC2895927.
Grandhi A, Guo W, Peddada SD. A multiple testing procedure for multi-dimensional pairwise comparisons with application to gene expression studies. BMC Bioinformatics. 2016 Feb 25;17:104. doi: 10.1186/s12859-016-0937-5. PMID: 26917217; PMCID: PMC4768411.
LEfSe (Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size) is an alternative method to find "organisms, genes, or
pathways that consistently explain the differences between two or more microbial communities" (Segata et al., 2011) [14].
Specifically, LEfSe uses rank-based Kruskal-Wallis (KW) sum-rank test to detect features with significant
differential (relative) abundance with respect to the class of interest. Since it is rank-based, instead of proportional based,
the differential species identified among the comparison groups is less biased (than percent abundance based).
Reference:
Segata N, Izard J, Waldron L, Gevers D, Miropolsky L, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 2011 Jun 24;12(6):R60. doi: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-r60. PMID: 21702898; PMCID: PMC3218848.
To analyze the co-occurrence or co-exclusion between microbial species among different samples, network correlation
analysis tools are usually used for this purpose. However, microbiome count data are compositional. If count data are normalized to the total number of counts in the
sample, the data become not independent and traditional statistical metrics (e.g., correlation) for the detection
of specie-species relationships can lead to spurious results. In addition, sequencing-based studies typically
measure hundreds of OTUs (species) on few samples; thus, inference of OTU-OTU association networks is severely
under-powered. We provide the network association result with SparCC (Sparse Correlations for Compositional data)(Friedman & Alm 2012), which
is a method for inferring correlations from compositional data. SparCC estimates the linear Pearson correlations between
the log-transformed components.
The results of this analysis are for research purpose only. They are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Forsyth and FOMC
are not responsible for use of information provided in this report outside the research area.
